Part 1: Understanding Osteoporosis

No, that is incorrect. All of the factors listed are risk factors for osteoporosis.

Current cigarette smoking:

Cigarette smoking was first identified as a risk factor for osteoporosis over 20 years ago. Studies have demonstrated a direct relationship between tobacco use and decreased bone density. Also, a relationship between cigarette smoking and low bone density in adolescence and early adulthood has been identified.

It is assumed that tobacco has an anti-estrogen effect which may explain the increased risk for osteoporosis among female smokers. Postmenopausal smokers have lower estrogen levels than non-smokers and smokers tend to have an earlier menopause than their non-smoking counterparts. This reduction in estrogen is likely to result in an increase in bone resorption, contributing to osteoporosis and fracture risk.

Alcoholism:

An important result of excessive alcohol consumption is its effect on bone. Alcohol appears to have a direct toxic effect on osteoblasts, the cells responsible for bone formation. Studies have demonstrated decreased bone formation with normal bone resorption in long-term alcoholics during alcohol intoxication. Also, alcoholics have been found to have high levels of corticosteroids in their blood which can induce bone loss. They also tend to fall more frequently than nonalcoholics due to the adverse effects on balance and gait which can lead to a high fracture rate.

Caucasian race

White and Asian women are at highest risk; African-American and Hispanic women are at a lower, but still significant risk.

Infrequent physical activity

Exercise builds bone strength and helps prevent bone loss. Weight-bearing exercises, performed regularly, are the best type of exercise to help prevent osteoporosis. A sedentary lifestyle increases the risk for developing osteoporosis.

Another factor that may contribute to osteoporosis is a high intake of caffeine which is thought to increase the amount of calcium eliminated in the urine.